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Gasoline and diesel fuels form the back bone of the present road transport. The internal combustion engine is being used in vehicles for the past 100 years approximately. But the problem with the engines is the limitation of fossil fuel reserves and the emissions of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. These fossil fuels generate emissions of pollutants such as PM, Nox and CO which are hazardous to the human being. It is the need of the hour to vouch for other renewable energy sources to overcome the energy crisis and to achieve decarburisation, energy security and cleaner air to breathe. Fuel cells are the devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy without the emissions of harmful exhaust gases.. This paper summarizes the configuration of the fuel cell hybrid vehicle. It briefly describes the function of each component and the losses occuring in each component. Fuel cells are the most quiet and reliable as they have no moving parts. The efficiency is about twice that of the internal combustion engine. [2]. There is no Carnot limitation as in case of IC engine. The most commonly used fuel cell is hydrogen fuel cell in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Hydrogen is a clean burning fuel. The exhaust is pure water. The combination of a fuel cell with a battery is studied in this paper. The hybridization of the fuel cell helps in reducing the size of the fuel cell and its initial cost but it increases the vehicle complexity, weight and the battery cost. At higher loads and greater acceleration, the battery provides surplus power and increases the fuel cell efficiency. At low loads the fuel cell is used to provide the required power. The battery is also used for the start up of the vehicle ... ...es by 2030. The cost of FCHEVs and BEVs are not largely affected by the changes in electricity costs, but the ICE and FCEV costs are greatly affected by the fuel cost. This occurs partially due to the different powertrain efficiencies. Comparing the overall lifecycle costs, it can be observed that FCHEVs and BEVs are cheaper as compared to FCEVs and ICEs. But the FCHEVs and BEVs are sensitive to the overall capital and running costs. For instance, the BEVs in particular are sensitive to battery size. The lifecycle costs of ICEs and BEVs are about 1.75 times higher than that of the FCHEVs and the BEVs. There are several challenges that are to be met in the near future for the FCHEVs to achieve commercialization, reliability, cost effectiveness and performance. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles can definitely be the clean technology used in the future of automotive engines.

Communication and Information Technology Essay

Technological advancement have improved and eased the communication process. With the world revolving around technology, almost all tasks have been simplified consequently reducing the number of hours that one can perform a certain task. It has helped in the organizing information, thus enabling access and retrieval of information easy. The use of technology has helped many organizations cut on costs at the same time increasing efficiency and promptness in service delivery. In the medical arena, most of the up to the standard hospitals or healthcare systems have adopted the use of technology in delivering of their services. This has brought about comfortably and the feeling of appreciation to the patient or the person who is being served as it gives an aura of value for money and the sense of embrace of technology in this technological era. Electronic Medical Records is one of these technologies (Kluge, 2001). With the capacity to hold limitless information and being able to be changed to fit the current need, this technology has helped in the healthcare practitioners to deliver services in a more organized manner and without having delays as compared to if everything was done manually. Consequentially, this reduces costs and improves the picture of the organization at the same time fostering monitoring ability of the organization of the number of clients visiting the healthcare facility. Electronic Medical Record is computerized kind of information keeping in which information is compressed as it is converted in a digital format. This allows for consumption of minimal space while keeping the office of operation clean, tidy and attractive (Fins, 2008). This creation of space enables the expansion of services offered in the healthcare facility as there is more space of operation. Access of information becomes easy and convenient thus increasing the morale of the staff in service delivery. It offsets the possibility of committing unnecessary mistakes while delivering services because of handwritten records which are not legible. This program makes it possible transfer information from one healthcare system to another thus making it possible to treat patients in the shortest time possible as their medical records are delivered in the shortest time possible electronically. By use of this technology, it is possible for parents to monitor their kids’ wellbeing without having extra cost of travelling to where they are to check on their progress. It also makes it possible for patients to assess their medical record and also get their results without much problem of waiting till they are given to them manually. Other electronic communication delivery services like the use of voice over have helped in the reduction of the amount of work that one does in calling patients manually so that they can be attended to. It is just a simple task of just announcing a patients name and they go to the corresponding room in which they will be served. This has increased efficiency and effectiveness in serving clients (Fins, 2008). This sets a kind of an order which they patients follow and allowing for easy dissemination of information, loud enough for everyone to hear, thus, patients do not have to suffer the discomfiture of not having heard their names being mentioned by a caller physically since this system is fitted with speakers loud enough to be heard clearly. Other technologies like the Practice management software ensure the smooth running of the healthcare system giving medical practitioners a humble time in their operations on a daily basis. This wads off possibilities of confusion and lets them (medical practitioners) operate in an orderly manner. The information which this software can handle is all inclusive and does not only include the client’s bio data but also other aspects of the healthcare organization like bills and transactions going on. (Klug, 2001) It works just the same way as the EMR only that it comprises of the management aspect of healthcare system in its daily operations. Apart from keeping a track on patients’ conditions and appointments, the system is used to develop bills and keep a record on the same so that thee reports can be used whenever need arises. It keeps every transaction and activity on record so that it becomes possible for any practitioner to know what was done the previous day and by who, which patient was attended to and by who so that he/she is able to know exactly where to start as concerns a specific task. This just as the EMRs has a way of cutting costs and increasing effectiveness. This is because all information as concerns any patient is stored electronically and retrieved with ease when need arises, thus avoiding the possibility of confusing one’s medical data with another persons (Fins, 2008). This enables a medical practitioner to prescribe the right medicine to the right person while at the same time allowing for generation of information about the right bills for the client in accordance to the medical procedures and medication accorded to him or her. Other systems like the electronic health systems keep a full medical history of a patient. It keeps essential information that can be used by the doctor or any medical practitioner to offer quick and effective diagnosis of a patient. All healthcare reports about a certain patient are stored in this system including drugs prescribed to the patient every time he/she attends that healthcare facility. It is also inclusive of all test results of that particular patient as well as x-rays and the response of the patient towards a certain medication. All this information is essential for up to level health care treatment of any patient. It keeps off the agony of a patient for having to answer tedious questions about their past medical history every time they visit a healthcare facility, as information about them is stored electronically and retrieved on every visit. This medical history is updated time to time on the occasions that a client visits for the purpose of seeking for treatment. The use of electronic technology in healthcare systems has more pros than cons. This is because as enumerated above, it has advantages to both the client and the healthcare facility. The fact that it increases efficiency and effectiveness can not be underscored while at the same time reducing operating costs of the facility. Clients are served to their liking and while their medical record is kept safely and is retrieved during the time of need with a lot of ease (Kluge, 2001). One of the major disadvantages is that information about a patient can be copied maliciously and tampered with. If the entire system should break down, then volumes and volumes of information are lost. It would be a good thing if all the above system could be integrated into one piece. This will ease operation even more as all the operations are under one click of a ‘mouse’. It could also be improved in such a way that clients can access their information wherever and whenever they are. Reference Fins, J. (2008). Web of Care: How Will the Electronic Medical Record Change Medicine? The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 38, pp. 67-88 Kluge, E. (2001). The Ethics of Electronic Patient Record

Harper Lees Biography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1607 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Did you like this example? Harper Lee had a very interesting life full writing and fame. She had childhood experiences, grew up in Alabama, life experiences, friendships that shaped her as a writer, and a critical analysis on To Kill a Mockingbird. This also contributed to her winning the Pulitzer Prize for To Kill a Mockingbird in 1961 (Anderson 1). In her life she did many incredible things that not many people have done before. For example, writing a book about racial injustice, especially in Alabama, her home town, where the book takes place. Harper Lee was born and raised in Alabama starting her life’s journey in 1926 when she was first-born. Lee was born in Monroeville on April 28, 1926, the youngest child of Amasa Coleman Lee, a lawyer, and Frances Finch who struggled with episodes of mental illness (Anderson 1). This showed that Lee’s fiction book To Kill a Mockingbird was certainly influenced and shaped by her childhood experiences (Anderson 1). Lee also had a brother and a sister and fellow author to be, Truman Capote (Anderson 1). Truman Capote was a frequent summer visitor of Monroeville and they were close friends. Harper Lee grew up in Alabama and this shaped her and To Kill a Mocking Bird. Since she grew up in Alabama and did not have a wealthy family she lived a simple life.â€Å"We had to use our own devices in our own play, for our own entertainment. We didn’t have much money . . . . We didn’t have toys, nothing was done for us, so the result was that we lived in our imagination most of the time.† (Anderson 1). Also, Lee grew up in Alabama where they had racial injustice. Therefore, she saw it first hand at what was happening in her own backyard. Harper Lee’s writing education also had an impact on her writing career. Lee attended public grammar school and high school in Monroeville (Anderson 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harper Lees Biography" essay for you Create order While she was there she continued her passion by writing columns (Anderson 1). After she dropped out she left Alabama and went to New York to pursue her literary career and follow her dreams (Anderson 1). Harper Lee also had many life experiences that shaped her as a person and as a writer. After her first novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, she began to retreat from all media (Coats 1). This meant that she declined requests for interviews because she preferred a more quiet lifestyle (Coats 1). So, she lived between her childhood home in Monroeville, Alabama, and her apartment in New York City (Coats 1). This was so that when she needed a break from the bustling city of New York, she could reside at her true home in the much more quieter Monroeville. Along with the life experiences she had friendships that shaped her writing styles and stories. She shared many of her childhood experiences with Truman Capote. Capote was a frequent summer visitor of Monroeville who was about the same age as her. Since they didn’t have toys they played pretend to amuse themselves. After those summers they had a life long friendship. This led to them working together on the book Cold Blood and in the end he dedicated the book to her (Anderson 1). To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee mostly portrays what growing up in the 1930’s in the South was like (Nair 2). The main character in To Kill a Mockingbird is Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch, Jem which is her brother, and their father Atticus Finch (Nair 2). This story shows three years of Scouts life that had significant changes (Nair 2). Scout is a tomboy who likes to make friends with boys and prefers to settle arguments with her fists (Nair2). Scout tries to make sense of the world telling her to act like a lady, her brother telling her not to act like a girl, and her dad who accepts her the way she is (Nair 2). Atticus is a local lawyer of Maycomb who tries to balance being a single parent and raising his children to have honor and respect using himself as an example (Nair 2). This book took place during the Depression making times hard and no money to be found anywhere in town (Nair 2). They spent their time together by acting out stories (Nair 2). As time went on, Dill becomes fascinated with the spooky Radley place (Nair 2). The house is owned by Mr. Radley, whose brother, Boo has never went outside (Nair 2). They even went as far as to create a play on Boo’s life (Nair 2). Shortly after, Atticus forbid them to do anything involving Mr. Radley (Nair 2). Once Scout starts school she immediately hates it so she ends up gaining her most valuable knowledge on her own street from her father (Nair 2). Since she is starting school she has to walk to and fro every day. When Dill came back they began to act out Boo’s life again (Nair 2). As before Atticus put a stop to it (Nair 2). Dill’s inquisitiveness grew, so on the last day of his stay they decided to sneak onto the Radley property (Nair 2). They were soon shot at because Mr. Radley thought they were thieves trying to steel his crops. Jem loses his pants during the escape and the next day he found them sewn up on the fence (Nair 2). The next winter they begin to find gifts in the tree again, which they presume to be left by Boo Radley (Nair 3). Nathan Radley eventually sees them finding the gifts and fills the tree with cement (Nair 3). Shortly after, the house next door turns ablaze and as Scout is watching the flames someone puts a blanket on her shoulders (Nair 3). They are convinced it was Boo so they decided to show Atticus the pants, the blanket, and the presents (Nair 3). Meanwhile, Atticus is going to defend Tom Robinson, a black man, in court because he was accused of rape to Mayella Ewell (Nair 3). The town immediately finds Tom at fault and they start to look at Atticus in a negative way for doing the right thing (Nair 3). Consequently, the children are tormented at school, but their father reminds them to stay collected in this hard time (Nair 3). Atticus knows that he will not win the case but he proceeds to go through with it to show the townspeople how unfair and prejudice they are being (Nair 3). The trial begins and Tom is put in a holding cell, after people hear of this they begin to form mobs outside intending to hurt Mr. Robinson (Nair 3). So, Scout and Jem appear and ask one of the men a polite question about his son (Nair 3). This makes them ashamed and they leave Tom alone. On the day of the trial Atticus does not want the kids to be there, but they sneak out anyway. Since there is no place to sit on the main floor Rev. Sykes invites them to sit on the colored balcony (Nair 3). Since Tom is crippled, there is no way he could have beaten Mayella on the right side (Nair 3). This clearly proves that Tom did not Rape Mayella rather her father beat her for kissing Mr. Robinson (Nair 3). Tom is sentenced to prison and is soon fatally shot (Nair 3). After the trial is over Bob Ewell begins to threaten Atticus for embarrassing him in court (Nair 3). He soon attacks Jem and Scout while they are on their way home at night (Nair 3). Jem broke his arm and is passed out (Nair 3). Luckily, someone heard their screams and came to save them and carried Jem home, where Scout realizes that it was Boo Radley (Nair 3). When the sheriff came he found Bob Ewell dead under a tree and the medic announced that Jem would be all right (Nair 3). Scout walked Boo home and she reali zed that all this time he was watching over them all along and just for a little while she is able to stand in his shoes (Nair 4). To Kill a Mockingbird represents how people know what is wrong from right, but they choose the do the wrong thing anyway (Nair 4). In To Kill A Mockingbird we see people struggling to make the correct decision (Nair 4). Atticus tries to win Tom’s case even though he know he will get backlash from it (Nair 4). Boo, is also a hero because he saves the children even though he is forbidden to leave the house (Nair 4). By saving the kids, he is putting his life and reputation on the line (Nair 4). So, both the sheriff and Atticus risk getting caught lying to save Boo from the wrath of the townspeople (Nair 4). In conclusion, Harper Lee’s writing styles were very much inspired by her childhood and the people that she knew. Through the trial, the children learned that their town is extremely prejudice and will turn a blind eye to anything that has to do with someone that is not like them. They also learned that some people are different like their father, Miss Maudie and Mrs. Dubose. These are all people who knew what was right and acted on it. There will always be people who know what is right, but it is those who do the right thing that are the courageous ones. Works Cited Page Anderson, Nancy G. â€Å"Harper Lee.† Encyclopedia of Alabama, 19 Mar. 2007, Accessed 29 Nov. 2018. Coats, Karen. â€Å"I Am Scout: The Biography of Harper Lee (Review).† Oral History Review, Oxford University Press, Accessed 30 Nov. 2018 DiPiero, Thomas. â€Å"University of Rochester.† Rochester Review :: University of Rochester, Accessed 30 Nov. 2018. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York :Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006. Print. Nair, Nilanjana. â€Å"A Critical Analysis on To Kill A Mockingbird.† Academia.edu Share Research, Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.